The September 2020 Webinar “Comparing inclusive Citizenship in Egypt with Europe,” led to a discussion about the so-called Covenant of ʿUmar, also known as the Capitulations of ʿUmar, a 9th-century document prohibiting church building, the rebuilding of destroyed churches, and displaying a cross on churches. Furthermore, it banned the display of Christian symbols in public including books; the preaching to Muslims with the intent to convert them, and enforced the idea that non-Muslim places of worship had to be lower than the lowest mosque in town. Renovated churches were destroyed and non-Muslim civil servants were dismissed and consequently many converted to Islam. Dr. Kamāl Burīqaʿ ʿAbd al-Salām of the Azhar argued that the texts he consulted all affirm the right of the people of the scriptures to practice their beliefs. They also ask Muslims to respect their religion and their houses of worship. This discussion is important since Western scholars and Coptic political activists in the West often refer to this so-called Covenant of Umar. It is obvious that opposing parties in this discussion refer to different sources.