Ḥasan Ḥanafī is a Muslim liberal leftist thinker who has been and still is a professor in philosophy at Cairo University since 1988. His vast knowledge on a broad field of philosophy and religion has given him many positions and invitations throughout his career. Ḥanafī's political understanding of religion, on the other hand also builds on a contextual approach (contradictory of that of the Muslim Brotherhood) to the Qur'ān and the Islamic heritage, because in his view Islam must always be actualized in the specific historical moment. Therefore, Ḥanafī rejects any stagnated, literal readings of the holy text and the claims of eternal meaning in the Qur'ān.